利用 MAIA 传感器绘制亚的斯亚贝巴的空气污染图

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这张埃塞俄比亚首都亚的斯亚贝巴的地图展示了 10 个空气传感器的位置，美国国家航天局（NASA）的“多角度气溶胶成像仪”（Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols，MAIA）任务正利用这些传感器，对该市的空气污染（air pollution）进行有史以来最详细的观测之一。在三年时间里，这些传感器测量了直径小于或等于 2.5 微米的颗粒物，即 PM2.5。黑碳（即烟尘）是亚的斯亚贝巴颗粒物污染的重要组成部分，研究表明它与低出生体重、大脑发育、呼吸系统疾病和过早死亡有关。

This map of Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, shows the locations of 10 air sensors that NASA’s Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA) mission is using to provide one of the most detailed looks ever at the city’s air pollution. Over the course of three years, these sensors measured particulate matter that is 2.5 micrometers or less in diameter, also known as PM2.5. Black carbon, or soot, is an important component of particulate pollution in Addis Ababa, which studies have linked to impacts on low birth weight, brain development, respiratory conditions, and premature mortality.

右侧的色标显示了各监测站空气质量在每立方米 20 到 40 微克之间的变化，深红色代表空气质量最差。

The color bar at right indicates air quality variations from 20 to 40 micrograms per cubic meter across the monitoring stations, with the darkest red being the poorest air quality.

在埃塞俄比亚，黑碳通常由柴油车辆、火灾和其他燃烧源产生。来自 MAIA 传感器的详细测量结果揭示了亚的斯亚贝巴的空气污染如何随时间和季节变化，包括由高峰时段交通和节日庆典引起的峰值。这些发现与包括美国在内的世界各地城市息息相关。

In Ethiopia, black carbon is commonly produced by diesel vehicles, fires, and other combustion sources. Detailed measurements from the MAIA sensors reveal how Addis Ababa’s air pollution changes by time of day and season, including spikes produced by rush-hour traffic and holiday celebrations. The findings are relevant to cities around the world, including in the United States.

MAIA 的空气污染研究聚焦于全球十几个地区，其中包括以洛杉矶、亚特兰大和波士顿为中心的三个美国地区。该任务由目前已在运行的地面传感器网络以及一个空间天文台（space observatory）组成，后者使用了一台由美国国家航天局喷气推进实验室（Jet Propulsion Laboratory，JPL）制造的相机，并将由意大利航天局（ASI）在一颗卫星（satellite）上于 2027 年底前发射。该相机经过专门设计，旨在通过分析颗粒物反射光的方式来帮助识别不同类型的 PM2.5 气溶胶，从而能够绘制出任务所研究的每个区域的颗粒物浓度图。

MAIA’s air pollution research is focused on a dozen regions around the globe, including three in the U.S. centered on Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Boston. The mission consists of a ground-based sensor network already in operation as well as a space observatory, which uses a camera built at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, that will be launched by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) on an ASI satellite no earlier than late 2027. The camera is specially designed to help identify different types of PM2.5 aerosols based on how they reflect light, making it possible to map particle concentrations over each region that the mission studies.