超越 Sgr A* 与 M87*：通过月基甚长基线干涉测量实现亚微角秒级黑洞阴影探测

本文探讨了利用月球轨道扩展甚长基线干涉测量（VLBI）基线，以实现亚微角秒级角分辨率的可行性。通过模拟月基望远镜的观测能力，研究评估了多个超大质量黑洞（SMBH）的阴影探测潜力，并确定了若干具备观测前景的目标源。

arXiv:2601.02812v3 Announce Type: replace Abstract: The 1.3 mm ground-based very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), is limited by Earth's diameter, restricting horizon-scale imaging to only M87* and Sgr A*. Extending baselines to the Moon would achieve ~0.7 microarcsecond angular resolution at 230 GHz, enabling shadow detection for many more supermassive black holes (SMBHs). The concept is motivated by space VLBI missions and lunar exploration, including the ongoing Lunar Orbit VLBI EXperiment (LOVEX) aboard QueQiao-2 (Chang'E-7) and the planned International Lunar Research Station (ILRS). We assess shadow detectability for 31 SMBHs with predicted large angular sizes, assuming optically thin emission at 230 GHz, exploring different telescope locations and antenna sizes. Assuming a telescope at the lunar antipode, we simulate the Moon-Earth (u,v) coverage and show that sources near the Moon's orbital plane yield projected baselines spanning a wide range, enabling sampling of the first visibility null - a key shadow signature. Using a geometric ring model, we identify six shadow-detectable candidates: M104, NGC 5077, and NGC 1052 are detectable with a 5 m lunar-based telescope; PGC 049940 with 10 m; NGC 524 with 20 m; and NGC 5252 with 40 m. If additional space telescopes fill the